Class 12 English Notes | Class 12 English All Chapter Exercise

Reading I

A.The following words have two different meanings. Match each word with the
meaning used in the context of the text above.

a. Glare: an intense blinding light
b. Curb: a stone edging to a pavement or raised path
c. hail: to call somebody in order to attract their attention
d. Commute: to travel regularly between workplace and home.
e. Serene: calm and peaceful
f. Liability: the state of being legally responsible for something
g. Deploy: to use something effectively
h. Autonomous: a vehicle that has the technology to drive itself
i. Perception: the ability to understand the true nature of something

B. Choose the correct alternatives to complete the sentences below.

a. One of the features of automated cars is that they have their own voice to welcome people into them.
Ans: They approach slowly.

b. Driverless technology is being widely used particularly in the USA.
Ans: The USA

c. The positive impact of such technology on the environment is that it reduces carbon production.
Ans: It reduces carbon production.

d. One of the problems with driverless technology is that it cannot deal with human drivers.
Ans: It cannot deal with human drivers.

e. One of the biggest challenges of the automated cars is human safety from it.
Ans: Its durability in the human environment.

f. The automated technology developed so far is partly trustworthy.
Ans: partly trustworthy

C. Answer the following questions.

a. Mention any three features of the driverless car.
Ans: The three features of the driverless car are:
I. It approaches the passengers slowly.
lI. It emits less carbon.
III. A voice greets the passengers.

b. Describe the benefits of driverless technology.
Ans: Benefits of driverless technology include improved road safety,reduced traffic congestion,increased mobility for the elderly and disabled,and potentialenvironmental benefits through optimized driving and reduced fuel consumption.

c. What, according to Camilla Fowler, is the special advantage of automated vehicles?
Ans: According to Camilla Fowler,automated vehicles make roads safer and decrease facilities.

d. What are the problems with driverless vehicles in David Hynd’s views?
Ans: Human driver may not behave as the driverless vehicles do and they also have to cope with the human drivers speeding, or breaking the rules of the road in David Hynd’s view.

e. What are scientists doing to make driverless technology safer?
Ans: Scientists are trying to find the way how to get the cars to operate safely and effectively in complex and unpredictable human environments by building a testing ground for autonomous vehicles.

f. Do you think driverless technology is safer than human-controlled driving? Why?
Ans: Technology has the potential to be safer than human controlled driving because it can eliminate human errors such as distracted driving,fatigue,and impaired driving. Autonomous vehicles can continuously monitor their surroundings and react faster than humans to prevent accidents. However, they still need to overcome challenges related to navigating complex environments and Driverless interacting with human drivers to fully realize this potential.

D. Think of any three other areas where artificial intelligence (Al) has been used. What are the benefits of using Al in these areas? Share your ideas with the class.
Ans: Three other areas where AI has been used are healthcare,finance,and Customer service.
Here are the benefits of using AI in these areas:

Healthcare:

1. Diagnosis and Treatment:
   AI analyzes medical data like patient records and lab results to help doctors diagnose diseases accurately and recommend personalized treatment plans.
2. Drug Discovery:
   AI algorithms analyze molecular structures to predict how effective potential drugs might be, speeding up the discovery and development of new medicines.

Finance:

1. Fraud Detection:
   AI algorithms detect unusual patterns in financial transactions, helping to prevent fraud and protect individuals and businesses from financial losses.
2. Algorithmic Trading:
   AI analyzes large amounts of financial data to make quick trading decisions based on market trends, improving trading efficiency and profitability.
3. Risk Assessment:
   AI assesses the creditworthiness of individuals and businesses by analyzing various factors, aiding financial institutions in making informed lending decisions and managing risks.

Customer Service:

1. Chatbots and Virtual Assistants:
   AI-powered chatbots instantly respond to customer inquiries, improving response times and enhancing overall customer satisfaction.
2. Personalized Recommendations:
   AI analyzes customer data to offer personalized product suggestions based on preferences and past behaviors, boosting sales and customer engagement.

These applications of AI demonstrate its ability to streamline processes, improve decision- making, and enhance user experiences across different industries.

Grammer I

A. Match the following statements with the correct reported speech and notice how the statements are changed.

a. Khushi said, "I go to school every day by bus."
Ans: Khushi said that she went to school every day by bus.

b. Karma said to me, "I am sorry for coming late."
Ans: Karma apologized for coming late.

c. Susan says, "I will leave for Bhanu next week."
Ans: Susan says that she will leave for Bhanu the following week.

d. Tshering said, "I will surely meet you this Saturday."
Ans: Tshering promised me to meet that Saturday.

e. "The bus leaves at six," said the agent.
Ans: The agent informed us that the bus left at six.

f. "I have already finished my project work," said She.
Ans: She said that she had already finished her project work.

g. "I work from home these days," said Yanjal.
Ans: Yanjal said that he worked from home those days.

B. Complete the following sentences with the correct reporting verbs.
[ advised, admitted ,warned ,offered, thanked, agreed, informed ,apologized, promised ]

a. “I broke the mirror.” He admitted that he had broken the mirror.

b. “I’d go and see a doctor if I were you,” Pemba said to me.
Pemba advised me to see a doctor.

c. “I will send you out if you make a noise again,” said the librarian
warned me not to make a noise again.

d. “I can come and help you plant rice,” said Raman.
Raman offered to help me plant rice.

e. “The classes start from next week,” said the assistant.
The assistant informed us that the classes start from the following week.

f. Sonam said to me, “Thank you so much for your help.”
Sonam thanked me for my help.

g. “OK. I will return your money by Saturday,” said Prakrit.
Prakriti promised to return my money by Saturday.

h. “I will really work hard and score good grades,” said Anupam.
Anupam agreed to work hard and get good grades.

i. “I am sorry for coming late,” said the speaker.
The speaker apologised for coming late.

Writing I

The use of Al in the technology is not only making people’s lives easier but bringing new challenges. Write a newspaper article about the challenges brought by the advancement of Al in technology.

Ans : As artificial intelligence (Al) continues to evolve and become integrated into various aspects of our daily lives, it has brought about significant challenges. While Al has undoubtedly made tasks more efficient and convenient, there are concerns about its impact on society, economy, and ethics.

The issue of data privacy is also a concern in the advancement of Al. Al systems often rely on vast amounts of data for their training and decision-making processes. This raises questions about who owns the data, how it is collected, and how it is used. There are concerns about data breaches, unauthorised access, and the potential misuse of personal information. Protecting the privacy and security of data used in Al technologies is crucial to prevent abuse and maintain public trust.

Another challenge is the impact of Al on social dynamics. The use of Al in social media and online platforms has raised concerns about the spread of fake news, manipulation of public opinions, and the polarisation of society. Al-powered algorithms that curate content and personalize information for users can create echo chambers and filter bubbles, reinforcing existing beliefs and limiting exposure to diverse perspectives. This can have negative consequences on democracy, public discourse, and social cohesion.

In conclusion, while Al has brought significant advancements in technology and improved many aspects of our lives, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed.

Job displacement, ethical concerns, data privacy, misuse, and social impact are some of the challenges that arise with the advancement of Al in technology. It is essential to have robust regulations, ethical frameworks, and responsible practices in place to mitigate these challenges and ensure that Al is used for the benefit of humanity while minimizing its potential harm. Striking a balance between technological advancements and societal well-being is crucial as we navigate the future of Al in technology.

Reading II
Open Letter to UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given below.
[ tackle, corporate, outrage, catalyse, at stake, net-zero, expertise ]

a. The corporate headquarters of the company is in Dubai.
b. According to Greta, the leaders are failing to tackle the key issues.
c. Some viruses catalyse the step in the production of other viruses.
d. His expertise in business helped him greatly to run the company.
e. Nepal government plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to net-zero.
f. He does not have good knowledge of business. So, he has put his investment at stake.
g. His controversial remarks caused public outrage.

B. Write whether the following sentences are ‘True’ or ‘False’. Write ‘Not Given’ if the information is not found in the letter.

a. Save the Children congratulates Antonio Guterres on his recent appointment as the General Secretary of the UN. (Not Given)
b. The Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change was announced on the request of the children between 18-21 years of age. (False)
c. The dissatisfaction is that the representation of children is not inclusive. (True)
d. Greta Thunberg protested for the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. (True)
e. The children demand their physical safety in the UK and Italy. (Not Given)
f. The children think that they can participate in decision making to fight against the climate crisis. (True)

C. Answer the following questions.

a. Where is the office of the UN Secretary General?
Ans: The office of the UN Secretary General is in New York, United States.

b. What is the purpose of writing this letter to Antonio Guterres?
Ans: The purpose of writing this letter is to express disappointment at the exclusion of children in the Youth Advisory Group on climate change and to request inclusion of children in decision-making processes related to climate action.

c. Why was the Youth Advisory Group announced?
Ans: The Youth Advisory Group was announced to get advice from young leaders (18-28 years old) on how to tackle climate change.

d. What roles have children played in the time of climate crisis?
Ans: Children have been vocal in advocating for climate action, participating in school strikes, engaging with political and corporate leaders, and demanding their right to a safe, clean, healthy, and sustainable environment.

e. Describe Greta Thunberg and Fabrizio’s contributions.
Ans: Greta Thunberg sparked the global movement, and Fabrizio, a 16-year-old boy from Peru, expressed the urgency of addressing climate change.

f. What is the final demand of the children?
Ans: The final demand of the children is to be included and heard in decision-making processes and planning related to climate action.

D. As a student, what roles can you play to control climate change and its effects?

As a student, you can play several important roles in controlling climate change and its effects:

1. Raise Awareness: Educate yourself and others about the causes and consequences of climate change. Spread awareness among your peers, family, and community about the importance of environmental conservation and sustainable practices.
2. Reduce Carbon Footprint: Take actions to reduce your personal carbon footprint by conserving energy, using public transportation or biking instead of driving, reducing water consumption, and adopting energy-efficient practices at home and school.
3. Advocate for Change: Join or start environmental clubs or initiatives at school to advocate for policies that promote renewable energy, sustainable practices, and environmental protection. Participate in community events and campaigns focused on climate action.
4. Promote Sustainable Practices: Encourage your school to implement recycling programs, reduce waste, and use eco-friendly materials. Support initiatives that promote sustainable agriculture, forest conservation, and wildlife protection.
5. Engage in Civic Action: Participate in local or national movements advocating for climate policy changes. Write letters to policymakers, attend public meetings, and join marches or protests to demand action on climate issues.
6. Educate Others: Share your knowledge about climate change and its solutions with peers, teachers, and community members. Engage in discussions to encourage others to take action and make environmentally responsible choices.

By taking these proactive roles, you can contribute to efforts to mitigate climate change and build a more sustainable future for generations to come.

Grammar II

A. Choose the correct alternatives to complete the sentences:

a. Abhilasha said that she witnessed the accident.
b. The teacher explained that the earth revolves round the sun.
c. Smarika says that she can’t stay here anymore.
d. Sachita says that she loves to listen to music.
e. My brother reported that he had completed his homework.
f. My father said that the sun was very hot.
g. Jenifer said that he wants to be a nurse.

B. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech.

a. Raima said, "We had to cross the river and go ahead."
Ans: Raima said that they had to cross the river and go ahead.

b. Smarika said, "I will meet you tomorrow, friends."
Ans: Smarika said that she would meet her friends the next day.

c. "I can't come to school tomorrow," Chandani said.
Ans: Chandani said that she couldn’t come to school the following day.

d. Dorje said, "Sorry, I cannot lend you any money today."
Ans: Dorje apologized and said that he could not lend any money that day.

e. The teacher said. "Now, you can solve the remaining problems yourselves."
Ans: The teacher said that they could solve the remaining problems themselves now.

f. The police said. "The incident probably took place yesterday."
Ans: The police said that the incident probably took place the day before.

g. I said to him, "I live in Changunarayan these days."
Ans: I told him that I lived in Changunarayan these days.

h. They said to us, "We would like to join you too."
Ans: They told us that they would like to join us too.

i. The Science teacher said, "The coal gives off thick smoke."
Ans: The Science teacher explained that the coal gives off thick smoke.

j. Resham said, "I have never seen such a strange animal anywhere else."
Ans: Resham said that she had never seen such a strange animal anywhere else.

k. "I love my children more than wealth," the father said.
Ans: The father said that he loved his children more than wealth.